Investigation of environmental and land use impacts in forested permafrost headwaters of the Selenga-Baikal river system,Mongolia - Effects on discharge,water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity

Headwater streams play a major role for provision of ecosystem services, e.g. drinking water. We investigated a high-altitude headwater catchment of the Kharaa River (including 41 1st-order rivers) to understand the impact of land cover (especially forest cover), environment and human usage on runoff, chemical water quality and macroinvertebrate fauna in a river basin under discontinuous permafrost conditions in an arid, sparsely populated region of Mongolia. To verify our hypotheses that different landuses and environmental impacts in permafrost headwaters influence water quality, we investigated 105 sampling sites, 37 of them at intermittent stream sections without water flow. Discharge was positively impacted by land cover types steppe, grassland and forest and negatively by shrubland, forest burnt by wild fires (indicating a reduction of permafrost) and slope. Water quality was affected by altitude, longitude and latitude, shrub growth and water temperature. Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates was driven by water temperature, iron content of the water, flow velocity, and subbasin size (adjusted R² = 0.54). Sample plots clustered in three groups that differed in water chemistry, macroinvertebrate diversity, species composition and bio-indicators. Our study confirms that steppes and grasslands have a higher contribution to runoff than forests, forest cover has a positive impact on water quality, and diversity of macroinvertebrates is higher in sites with less nutrients and pollutants. The excellent ecological status of the upper reaches of the Kharaa is severely threatened by forest fires and human-induced climate change and urgently needs to be conserved.     

2000—2015年西南区县域土地利用变化特征及驱动力分析——以重庆市奉节县为例

综合分析重庆市奉节县土地利用格局时空演变及其驱动力,为优化西南区县域尺度的土地利用规划、生态大保护和区域可持续发展提供理论参考和数据支持。基于RS和GIS技术,利用四期（2000、2005、2010和2015年）土地利用基础数据,从土地利用动态模型和地学信息图谱等方面出发,揭示区域2000—2015年的土地利用动态变化特征及时空演变规律。依据主成分分析模型和线性回归分析模型,并基于奉节县社会经济统计数据,探究研究区土地利用驱动机制。研究期内,研究区土地空间格局呈现以林地和耕地为主体,同时交错分布其它土地类型的特点。耕地、草地和未利用地土地面积分别减少 78.84 km²、3.73 km²、2.54 km²,而林地、水域和居民工矿用地面积分别增加23.36 km²、46.67 km²、9.03 km²。受三峡移民影响,区域土地利用分布格局由整体无序向局部有序的方向发展。研究期的前10年间,土地利用类型转移主要发生在林地、草地和耕地之间,林地→耕地和草地的面积总和分别为849.38 km²和425.17 km²;2010—2015年间林地和居民工矿用地新增面积分别为9.93 km²和7.09 km²。从产业结构调整、政策影响和社会发展等方面探究区域城镇化的驱动机制,城镇化因素、政策因素、经济因素、社会发展因素和农业因素是影响奉节县土地利用类型变化的主要驱动力。     

河南省农业干旱脆弱性分析

为减轻旱灾损失,根据2005、2015年河南省统计与气象数据,采用10项指标和灰色关联分析法,以最劣值为参照系列分析了该省农业旱灾脆弱性。结果表明,豫西的济源、三门峡、洛阳,豫东的开封、漯河与豫北的鹤壁是河南省干旱脆弱性较强的区域,而豫东南的商丘、驻马店、信阳,豫北的新乡、豫西南的南阳则脆弱性较弱,其他地区居于两者之间;2005—2015年河南省干旱脆弱性呈明显的增加趋势。河南省是中国粮食生产核心区,首先要依靠科技创新,大力发展节水农业、循环农业;其次要重视水资源的节约与保护、加大农业投入以降低干旱的脆弱性,确保粮食安全。     

小麦TaeEF1β基因的克隆、同源性及表达分析

真核翻译延伸因子(eukaryotic translation elongation factor,eEFs)是一种重要的多功能调控蛋白,eEF1β是eEF1的组成部分,在蛋白质生物合成过程中发挥着重要的作用。本文通过RT-PCR扩增克隆小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)的eEF1β基因,并命名为TaeEF1β。氨基酸同源性分析发现,TaeEF1β具有高度保守性,且其保守结构域位于137~226 aa处。qRT-PCR结果表明,中国小麦花叶病毒(Chinese wheat mosaic virus,CWMV)侵染小麦植株后,可以诱导TaeEF1β基因转录水平的上调表达。另外,本文也进一步分析了TaeEF1β基因在小麦根、茎、叶的表达水平和CWMV侵染不同时间点的表达情况。     

A comparison of the effects of carbon dioxide and medical air for abdominal insufflation on respiratory parameters in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination

AIMS: To determine if abdominal insufflation with medical air will improve oxygenation and ventilation parameters when compared to insufflation with CO₂ in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination (AI).

METHODS: Forty-seven sheep underwent oestrus synchronisation and were fasted for 24 hours prior to laparoscopic AI. Each animal was randomised to receive either CO₂ or medical air for abdominal insufflation. An auricular arterial catheter was placed and utilised for serial blood sampling. Respiratory rates (RR) and arterial blood samples were collected at baseline, after xylazine (0.1?mg/kg I/V) sedation, 2 minutes after Trendelenburg positioning, 5 minutes after abdominal insufflation, and 10 minutes after being returned to a standing position. Blood samples were collected in heparinised syringes, stored on ice, and analysed for arterial pH, partial pressure of arterial O₂ (PaO₂), and CO₂ (PaCO₂). The number of ewes conceiving to AI was also determined.

RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated temporal effects on RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂ and arterial pH during the laparoscopic AI procedure (p<0.001), but no difference between insufflation groups (p>0.01). No sheep experienced hypercapnia (PaCO₂>50?mmHg) or acidaemia (pH<7.35). Hypoxaemia (PaO₂<70?mmHg) was diagnosed during the procedure in 14/22 (64%) ewes in the CO₂ group compared with 8/23 (35%) ewes in the medical air group (p=0.053). Overall, 15/20 (75%) ewes in the CO₂ group conceived to AI compared with 16/22 (72.7%) in the medical air group (p=0.867).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There were no statistical or clinical differences in RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂, pH, or conception to AI when comparing the effects of CO₂ and medical air as abdominal insufflation gases. None of the sheep experienced hypercapnia or acidaemic, yet 42% (19/45) of sheep developed clinical hypoxaemia, with a higher percentage of ewes in the CO₂ group developing hypoxaemia than in the medical air group. Based on the overall analysis, medical air could be utilised as a comparable alternative for abdominal insufflation during laparoscopic AI procedures.     

响应面法优化荷叶豆乳饮料配方的研究

为研制出一款营养丰富、口感独特的荷叶豆乳饮料，以感官评定值为指标，在单因素试验的基础上，通过响应面法优化饮料配方。结果表明，荷叶豆乳的最优配方为：苹果汁添加量5%（V/V），荷叶浸提物添加量16%（V/V），白砂糖添加量6%（m/V），豆乳添加量6%（V/V），此时响应面预测的感官评分达86.4分。按照该配方制作的荷叶豆乳饮料色泽均匀，荷叶香味怡人，甜酸比适中，无豆腥味，无明显分层。     

瓠瓜(Lagenaria siceraria)白粉病抗性的全基因组关联分析

白粉病是瓜类作物重要病害之一。本研究采用苗期人工接种方法,研究了117份瓠瓜微核心种质对白粉病的抗性,并基于不同材料的病情指数和基因型数据,进行全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association analysis,GWAS)。利用2014年和2018年的抗病表型数据,分别鉴定到22个和13个与白粉病抗性相关的SNPs,其中2个SNPs位点在两年试验中同时被检测到。进一步研究发现不同瓠瓜材料的白粉病抗性与其携带有利等位变异数目成正相关。本研究为克隆瓠瓜抗白粉病相关基因、研究其抗病机制提供科学依据,促进了瓠瓜抗白粉病分子育种。     

翠竹及菲白竹LEA3同源基因的克隆及序列分析

竹类植物在中国有着非常悠久的栽培历史,并被广泛应用于园林、造林、庭院以及食品等行业。本研究以翠竹和菲白竹为材料提取其叶片总DNA,采用PCR方法获得翠竹SpLEA3基因与菲白竹SfLEA3-1、SfLEA3-2基因;其中SpLEA3全长804 bp,编码195个氨基酸,GC含量为68.4%;SfLEA3-1全长803 bp,编码195个氨基酸,GC含量为68.2%;SfLEA3-2全长557 bp,编码144个氨基酸,GC含量为67.8%。通过ProtParamy等生物软件分析,SpLEA3、SfLEA3-1和SfLEA3-2与贵州悬竹LEA3基因同源性高达61%以上,且3个基因编码蛋白均属于亲水性蛋白。源自2个竹种LEA3基因均包含一个完整的开放阅读框,其编码的氨基酸含有4~6个由11个氨基酸组成的保守基元序列。本研究不仅为深入了解竹类植物抗旱的分子机理研究提供了基础数据,也为竹类植物的抗旱育种后续研究提供了科学依据。     

水稻OsZ314基因克隆及转录激活验证

穗是水稻(Oryza sativa L.)重要的生殖器官,其生长发育直接影响水稻的产量和品质。前期研究中,我们对水稻生殖生长时期穗发育各阶段的转录组、蛋白组数据进行联合分析,筛选到一个MYB基因家族的转录因子OsZ314基因。生物学信息分析表明,该基因位于1号染色体上,拥有典型的R2R3-MYB型转录因子结构域,且在水稻幼穗时期表达量最高;亚细胞定位结果显示,OsZ314基因定位于细胞核中;转录激活试验表明,OsZ314基因具有转录激活功能。本研究为深入探索OsZ314基因在水稻穗发育时期的分子生物学功能奠定了良好的基础。     

河西荒漠灌区紫花苜蓿施肥效应及其基于数据包络分析法的经济效益研究

为科学准确地评判河西走廊苜蓿主产区紫花苜蓿饲草生产中施肥措施对其产品质量及生产收益的影响,本研究以“甘农3号”紫花苜蓿为材料,通过2016、2017年2年田间试验,以该区域紫花苜蓿饲草生产的平衡施肥推荐方案(N 103.5 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 105 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 90 kg·hm^-2)为对照,探讨了不施肥及3种不完全施肥(缺氮偏施、缺磷偏施、缺钾偏施)处理下紫花苜蓿的生产性能,并采用数据包络分析法(DEA)对其经济效益进行分析。结果表明:与不施肥相比,施肥措施各处理均显著提高紫花苜蓿产量、蛋白总量,降低其酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维,提高了相对饲用价值,从而改善了紫花苜蓿品质,并有效增加了经济效益;与氮、磷、钾平衡施肥相比,各偏肥处理的紫花苜蓿产量和品质均显著低于平衡施肥,尤以缺磷偏施的降幅最大,2016、2017年2年的产量和蛋白总量降幅分别达到25.9%、25.7%和33.4%、33.1%。因此,磷是河西荒漠灌区紫花苜蓿饲草生产的养分限制因子,氮、磷、钾对该地区紫花苜蓿生产性能影响顺序为:磷>氮>钾。运用数据包络分析法(DEA)分析出河西荒漠灌区紫花苜蓿的施肥效应为氮、磷、钾平衡施肥的经济效益最优,为DEA有效;不完全施肥的3个评价单元及不施肥评价单元为DEA无效,其中,不施肥经济效益最低,3个不完全施肥评价单元中的缺磷偏肥的紫花苜蓿经济效益比缺氮偏肥和缺钾偏肥更低;另外还以DEA模型推算出不同施肥措施下紫花苜蓿饲草生产经济效益改进的具体方案,其中,不施肥的紫花苜蓿饲草生产需调整的幅度最大,调整额度达10678.88 CNY·hm^-2,各施肥措施需调整的幅度排序为:不施肥>缺磷偏施>缺氮偏施>缺钾偏施。